This is jigsaw. He's a friendly, little robot that's, really, really good at, only one thing, putting together any, jigsaw puzzle, no matter how, complicated, really, really fast. It's taken us, three years to get, to this point, but according to, our initial tests, we have hopes, he might be200 times faster, than the fastest, competitive, jigsaw puzzler in, the world. So today we're gonna, walk through what, it took to get ready, for the ultimate robot, Vs. Human face off, and along the way, we may just discover, some tricks you might, find helpful as a mere, human jigsaw puzzler, yourself. But before we unpack, how jigsaw does, what he does, I first want to give us, humans some well, deserved credit because, while this seems, pretty straightforward, of me to be able to, pick up and arrange, these twelve pieces, of a puzzle, I'm actually doing four, very complicated tasks. The first is, just picking up a piece. Have you ever stopped, to think just, how amazing our hands, are? Hiding beneath that skin, are 27 bones, and 34 muscles, which makes them, flexible and strong, but they're also, incredibly precise and, dexterous thanks to, the high concentration, of.Nerves in our fingertips, are sensing pressure, textures, and temperature. We've also evolved, to have opposable thumbs, which makes it, way easier to hold tools, and to manipulate, and pick things up, than if it was, just five fingers, all side by side. Step two is, rotating the piece, to the correct, orientation, which again is, pretty straightforward, when you have, all the abilities, I just mentioned, for step three, we need to, move the piece, into position and, that requires our whole, arm. As I mentioned before, most vertebrae have, the same basic, arm bone configuration, from a human to a BAT, to a chicken, to a turtle to a dolphin. But when you include, the hand, our configuration is, the most technically, capable arm of, any living thing, to have ever existed, on this planet. If you imagine, a large cube, in front of me, it's wild that us, humans can move, this puzzle piece, to any position, and orientation within, that cube. That's really hard, for a robot, or pretty much, any other species to do, for that matter. For step four, we have to decide, where this piece, should go and, for us humans, it's hard to explain how, but when we look at this, it just very quickly, feels super.Obvious this piece, should go here. What's actually, happening, though, is our eyes communicate, visual perception to, our brains, which then, subconsciously, synthesize, a complicated, combination of pattern, recognition, spatial reasoning, visual memory, and executive function. And as a result, in fractions of a second, the right answer, just feels obvious. And not to brag, but this is once again, where us humans are, the undisputed champions. Our complex brains are, what make us special. Physically, we're kind of, unremarkable in the, animal kingdom. We're not faster, than cheetahs, we're stronger than, bears. We can't swim, as well as dolphins, or fly like an eagle. It's our brains, that make up2% of our body weight, yet they consume20% of our energy, every day. And that ratio is higher, than any other, living thing ever. And it's the reason, we're the ultimate Apex, predators because it, allows for the huge, survival advantages, that come from tool use, planning, problem solving, language, and large scale, cooperation with other, humans. It's also what has, possibly, up until this moment, in history, made us the best.At jigsaw puzzles. So if we wanted, to make a robot, that was as good, or better than us, at puzzles, our daunting challenge, was to take, the 200 million years, of evolution that, enabled those four steps, and figure out, how to translate it, into things a robot, can do. For number one, to pick up a piece, in lieu of an opposable, thumb in 27 hand bones, we used a tiny, specialized suction cup, that's often used, to manipulate small, objects on assembly, lines. This solenoid here, can cut off, and then connect to, this vacuum pump, which means we could, turn on the suction, exactly when we want to, pick it up, and then turn it off, exactly we want to, let it go.